基于双金属球三维电场探空仪的一次雷暴云内电荷结构观测研究     

张鸿波  郄秀书  刘明远  蒋如斌  陆高鹏  刘瑞婷  刘冬霞  陈志雄  孙竹玲  李宗祥  李进梁  马子龙 《地球物理学报》2021,64(4):1155-1166

本文自主研制性能稳定的双金属球三维电场探空仪,并结合气象探空仪等构建了雷暴电场-气象综合探空系统,实现了雷暴云内三维电场及温度、湿度的同步测量.2019年夏季对华北平原地区雷暴开展穿云观测,并结合地面大气电场、雷达回波、变分多普勒雷达分析系统(VDRAS)反演的动力场等资料进行综合研究,首次给出该地区雷暴云内的电场和电荷结构分布特征.对2019年8月7日发生的一次中尺度对流系统电场探空发现,在雷暴减弱阶段,其弱回波区内存在5个极性交替的电荷区:4.4~5.6 km之间的上部正电荷区(0℃附近)、3.6~4.4 km之间的中部负电荷区和1.0~3.6 km之间的下部正电荷区,此外在1 km下方有一个负极性电荷区,雷暴云顶附近5.7~6.9 km之间为一个弱负极性屏蔽电荷区.其中,中部负电荷区和下部正电荷区由多个不同强度、不同厚度的电荷层构成.此外,电场探空系统在中部负电荷区高度范围内经历的上升—下沉—再次上升的往返探空数据表明,雷暴云内动力环境复杂,电荷结构分布相似但又有所差异,反映了实际雷暴云内电荷分布的时空不均匀性和复杂性.  相似文献   

Evaluating suitability of a tephra dispersal model as part of a risk assessment framework     

Gordon N. Keating  Jon D. Pelletier  Greg A. Valentine  William Statham 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2008

In volcanic risk assessment it is necessary to determine the appropriate level of sophistication for a given predictive model within the contexts of multiple sources of uncertainty and coupling between models. A component of volcanic risk assessment for the proposed radioactive waste repository at Yucca Mountain (Nevada, USA) involves prediction of dispersal of contaminated tephra during violent Strombolian eruptions and the subsequent transport of that tephra toward a hypothetical individual via surface processes. We test the suitability of a simplified model for volcanic plume transport and fallout tephra deposition (ASHPLUME) coupled to a surface sediment-transport model (FAR) that calculates the redistribution of tephra, and in light of inherent uncertainties in the system. The study focuses on two simplifying assumptions in the ASHPLUME model: 1) constant eruptive column height and 2) constant wind speed and direction during an eruption. Variations in tephra dispersal resulting from unsteady column height and wind conditions produced variations up to a factor of two in the concentration of tephra in sediment transported to the control population. However, the effects of watershed geometry and terrain, which control local remobilization of tephra, overprint sensitivities to eruption parameters. Because the combination of models used here shows limited sensitivity to the actual details of ash fall, a simple fall model suffices to estimate tephra mass delivered to the hypothetical individual.  相似文献   

Major advances in liquefaction research by laboratory tests compared with in situ behavior     

《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2016

Major advances in liquefaction research in the laboratory to understand the basic mechanisms in comparison with in situ behavior during previous earthquakes are reviewed. Then, several issues related to liquefaction triggering and post-liquefaction deformation are selected for further discussion in the author's perspective. These include effects of fines associated with aging, effects of gravels, effects of initial shear stress, and lateral spreading and lateral flow due to void redistribution. It has been disclosed that a quite a few issues still remain to be settled in evaluating liquefaction onset and post-liquefaction deformations for improving engineering design, particularly for Performance-Based Design (PBD).  相似文献   

日本东北大地震引起的洋底地壳和海水质量重分布效应分析     

龚正  许才军 《大地测量与地球动力学》2016,36(5):377

采用两种方式得到2011年日本东北大地震引起的洋底垂直形变数据,通过傅里叶变换和傅里叶逆变换计算得到洋底地壳垂直运动产生的洋底地壳与海水物质交换导致的重力效应。分析这两种方式得到的重力变化并与利用GRACE提取的重力变化对比,结果发现此效应显著,在提取同震重力变化时不可忽略。  相似文献   

吉林地区一次雷暴云个例电和云微物理特征的模拟分析   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

王芳  肖稳安  雷恒池  侯团结 《高原气象》2009,28(2):385-394

利用三维强风暴动力一电藕合数值模式, 结合闪电定位仪资料、雷达回波资料及降水资料,分析了吉林地区一次雷暴云个例在发生第一次闪电前云内电场的发展情况及微物理变化过程,并与青藏高原一次典型雷暴过程进行了对比.结果表明:云发展成熟时,云中呈现上正下负及云下部次正的三极性分布,主负电荷区稳定在-10℃层附近,次正电荷区浓度较大;上升气流穿过-15℃层之上开始强起电;云中最大电场出现在上升速度达到最大值后回落的阶段;闪电频数与云发展的高度及回波强度有关,回波强度＞45 dBz时,云发展越高,闪电频数越大,云顶高度＜6 km时,闪电发生较少;青藏高原雷暴具有与我国北方雷暴明显不同的特征.  相似文献   

地下连续墙施工影响应力重分布的数值模拟     

夏元友  裴尧尧  王震  陈少炎  陈晨 《岩土力学》2012,33(11):3433-3438

对武汉市某超大型超深基坑10幅邻近地连墙跳跃式施工过程进行了三维有限差分数值模拟。数值模拟步骤依次为泥浆护壁成槽开挖、混凝土浇筑及混凝土硬化3个过程。泥浆护壁成槽开挖及混凝土浇筑分别采用常静液压力和变静液压力的方式加载,混凝土的硬化过程采用变弹性模量和泊松比的线弹性实体单元完成。数值计算结果与实测数据吻合较好。对单个跳跃式开挖过程墙上土压力的监测揭示了地下连续墙施工影响应力重分布的变化规律。模拟施工完成后10幅地下连续墙上的土压力值沿墙长度方向随静止土压力值上下波动,波谷出现在槽段连接处附近,波峰接近槽段中心轴,波动幅度大小与土体深度有关。分析表明,泥浆压力、混凝土灌注压力及土压力差值是影响墙后应力重分布波动幅度的主要原因,适当的泥浆重度及合理的注浆方式能避免土体扰动。  相似文献   

Ethnic migration between area groups in England and Wales     

James Raymer  Corrado Giulietti 《Area》2009,41(4):435-451

Minority ethnic populations in England and Wales have been increasing steadily as a share of the total population since the 1991 Census. In this paper, we are interested in how internal migration has changed as a possible consequence. Our analysis focuses on the movements between 12 area groups, as defined by the Office for National Statistics, and addresses the following three research questions: (1) how has internal migration in England and Wales evolved from 1991 to 2004; (2) what are the main differences in the movements between the White (majority) population and the ethnic minority population; and (3) how do migration patterns differ when ethnicity, education and employment statuses are considered together? The data come from the 1991 to 2004 National Health Service Central Registers, the 1999–2004 patient registers and the 2001 Census. We find strong stability in the migration patterns of the total population over time. However, large differences appear when the flows are disaggregated by ethnicity and further by education and employment. Education level is an important factor influencing the migration patterns for the White population, whereas employment status is a much more important factor for the ethnic minority population.  相似文献   

Effects of soil surface components on soil hydrological behaviour in a dry Mediterranean environment (Southern Spain)   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Jose Damian Ruiz Sinoga  Juan Francisco Martinez Murillo 《Geomorphology》2009,108(3-4):234-245

Various researchers have studied the spatial pattern of soil surface components such as vegetation, rock fragments, bare soil, litter and surface crusts, as a key factor of hydrological behaviour in Mediterranean settings with heterogeneous patches of vegetation cover and strong human impact. The studies indicate that there is a mosaic of patches that generate run-off or infiltrate overland flow, distributed in various ways along hillslopes. Few of these studies, however, have looked at areas underlain by metamorphic rocks such as phyllites or schists. This study analysed the temporal and spatial variability of the effects of soil surface components on hydrological processes in a small dry Mediterranean catchment underlain by metamorphic rocks. A systematic sampling of multiple sites throughout a hydrological year was carried out.We related the hydrological behaviour of soil surface components to 1) their position along the hillslope, 2) the distance of existing vegetation tussocks from the line of run-off, 3) rainfall intensity and 4) the main physical/chemical soil properties affecting infiltration processes. Statistical analysis was used to check the validity of the relationships. The results show that soil surface components have highly variable effects, in both space and time, on soil hydrological behaviour. These effects particularly depend on the location along the line of maximum slope and the intensity of preceding rainfall, whose interaction defines soil hydrological status. These results are similar to those for other Mediterranean settings with different lithology, in that the succession of contributing patches are hydrologically interconnected along a hillslope. The variables used and the grouping of explanatory variables through principal component analyses were found to be suitable for discussing the spatial distribution of soil surface components in the hydrologically dynamic environment of the study area.  相似文献   

沿海地区一次多单体雷暴电荷结构时空演变   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

李亚珺  张广庶  文军  王彦辉  张彤  范祥鹏  武斌 《地球物理学报》2012,55(10):3203-3212

利用闪电放电辐射源三维时空分布测量,分析了山东低海拔地区一次多单体雷暴过程的电荷结构演变以及与回波强度的关系.结果表明对流云区电荷结构是典型的上正下负电偶极结构,且随着雷暴发展正负电荷层强度增大,高度抬升.负电荷区处在40 dBz以上的强回波区域中,正电荷层处在约40 dBz区域中.层状云区也有类似结构,只是强度弱,高度低.观测到的四层电荷结构是出现在对流区消散阶段,此时,由于云体不同部位的不同消散程度,电荷结构发生断裂,云体前部正负电荷区下沉,云体中部正负电荷区高度变化不大,但负电荷区域变薄,呈现出四层电荷结构.从本例结果说明,雷暴优势起电机制通常能形成电偶极或三极性结构,多极结构可能不是起电形成.本文还分析了一次负地闪传输过程,和宏观电荷结构很好吻合,说明利用三维定位系统观测,可以较好地描述雷暴宏观电荷结构.  相似文献   

青海地区一次雷暴的地闪活动及云内的电场探空观测          下载免费PDF全文

张廷龙  余海  王军  张茂华  周方聪  陈洁 《地球物理学报》2019,62(5):1591-1602

2016年夏季在青海大通地区获得一次局地雷暴云内的电场探空资料,结合雷达、地闪定位资料,详细分析了该雷暴的地闪活动特征及云内的电荷结构.结果显示,该雷暴过程的负地闪在时间上呈间歇性发生,在空间分布上表现为不连续,且所有的正地闪都发生于雷暴的成熟阶段.在雷暴成熟阶段与消散阶段过渡期获得云内的垂直电场廓线表明,雷暴内的电荷结构在探空阶段呈四极性,最下部为处于暖云区内负电荷区,往上依次改变极性.最上部的正电荷区由于数据丢失无法判断其上边界外,其余3个电荷区的海拔高度分别为:5.5～5.7km(3.4～2.3℃)、5.7～6.2km(2.3～-0.4℃)和6.2～6.6km(-0.9～-1.7℃),对应的电荷密度为-1.81nC·m~(-3)、2.47nC·m~(-3)和-1.76nC·m~(-3).其中,下部正电荷区的强度最大,其次为上部的负电荷区.通过分析电荷区分布与正地闪活动的关系,认为暖云区内负电荷区的形成有利于诱发下部正电荷区的对地放电.  相似文献